![]() Robert McNamara, In Retrospect: the Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Vintage Books, 1998).īruce Miroff, Pragmatic Illusions (New York: David McKay Co., 1976), p. James William Gibson, The Perfect War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), pp. Bruce Franklin, Vietnam and Other American Fantasies (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000), p. Stephen Endicott and Edward Hagerman, The United States and Biological Warfare (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1998), p. John Dower, War Without Mercy (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), p. Stinnett, Day of Deceit (New York: The Free Press, 2000). Michael Slackman, Target Pearl Harbor (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1990), p. Butler, War is a Racket (Los Angeles, CA: Feral House, 2003), p. Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror: A History of Multiculturalism in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993), p. Ward Churchill, Fantasies of the Master Race (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1998), pp. Michael Rogin, Ronald Reagan the Movie (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), pp. Mary Elizabeth Lease, “Wall Street Owns the Country,” in Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove, eds., Voices of a People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories, 2004), p. Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy (New York: Broadway Books, 2002), p. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (New York: Vintage Books, 1973), p. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. Dahl, How Democratic is the American Constitution? (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), p. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: The New Press, 2003), p. Howard Zinn, Howard Zinn on War (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001), p. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Beneath this profoundly “civilized” dedication to a new rational order, however, was always the quick readiness to use armed force as an instrument of national power. foreign policy was traditionally cloaked in the veneer of Enlightenment rationality, material prosperity, and liberal-democratic values, all driven by advances in science and technology. Reflecting on this legacy, Howard Zinn writes that “aggressive expansion was a constant of national ideology and policy,” 1 reflected in genocidal wars against Native Americans, slavery, and theft of Mexican and Spanish lands followed by the post-World War I invasion of Russia, and a succession of bloody military interventions in Mexico, Central America, Korea, Indochina, the Caribbean, Persian Gulf, and Balkans-not to mention countless proxy wars, covert actions, and related ventures leading to the post-9/11 “war on terror,” marked by ongoing wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. ![]() ![]() ![]() leaders have routinely subordinated those ideals to overriding economic and geopolitical interests. While righteously upholding the ideals of freedom, human rights, and rule of law, however, U.S. American political culture has been shaped by a long history of national exceptionalism rooted in claims of a unique democratic politics, a messianic patriotism, and special normative entitlements underpinning the U.S.
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